Ketones in insulin resistant state Essay Example for Free

Ketones in insulin resistant state Essay 1. How is glucose normally maintained in the post absorptive state? 2. Why is muscle glycogen not useful for blood glucose 3. Why may this situation have evolved 4. Under what circumstances do you think substantial gluconeogenesis will occur 5. What is necessary for the production of ketones 6. What will reduce acetyl CoA oxidation 7. When is oxaloacetate availability impaired 8. When is the regulation of gluconeogenesis disrupted Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are reciprocally regulated by eachother. What promotes the activity of one inhibits the other. Lack of insulin leads to high levels of glucose in the blood, gluc levels exceed renal threshold. . this causes excess water to excreted in urine (polyuria) Ketones are formed when there is not enough sugar or glucose to supply the body’s fuel needs. This occurs overnight, and during dieting or fasting. During these periods, insulin levels are low, but glucagon and epinephrine levels are relatively normal. This combination of low insulin, and relatively normal glucagon and epinephrine levels causes fat to be released from the fat cells. The fats travel through the blood circulation to reach the liver where they are processed into ketone units. The ketone units then circulate back into the blood stream and are picked up by the muscle and other tissues to fuel your body’s metabolism. In a person without diabetes, ketone production is the body’s normal adaptation to starvation. Blood sugar levels never get too high, because the production is regulated by just the right balance of insulin, glucagon and other hormones.However, in an individual with diabetes, dangerous and life-threatening levels of ketones can develop. When there is not enough insulin, the fat cells keep releasing fat into the circulation, and the liver keeps making more and more ketones and ketoacids. The rising ketoacid levels make the blood pH too low (acidotic/Diabetic Keto-Acidosis), which is an emergency medical situation and requires immediate medical attention. Oxidation reaction†¦ leads to release of h+ ions Lipogenesis: Since carbohydrates are the major part of the diet, they must be immediately converted into energy, stored as glycogen, or converted into fats. The introduction has already presented the facts about the necessity of storing energy as fat. A total of 55% of the carbohydrates are involved in the synthesis of fats. The total energy content of the diet must be balanced with the energy requirements of the human body. If excess foods (calories) are ingested beyond the bodys energy needs, the excess foods (energy) are converted into fat. If insufficient calories are ingested, the energy deficit is made up by oxidizing fat reserves. These simple facts provide the key to weight control although it is probably more easily understood than carried out in practice. Excessive deposits of lipids lead to an obese condition. Extensive blood capillary networks in these deposits mean that they are quite active metabolically. Obesity puts a strain on the heart by causing it to pump blood through extra c apillaries. Generally, obesity results from overeating, but a few people have malfunctioning endocrine glands. Lipid metabolism is in a constant state of dynamic equilibrium. This means that some lipids are constantly being oxidized to meet energy needs, while others are being synthesized and stored. In rats, the average life-time of a single lipid molecule ranges from 2 to 10 days. A similar figure probably applies to human lipid metabolism. The sequence of reactions involved in the formation of lipids is known as Lipogenesis. Lipogenesis is not simply the reverse of the fatty acid spiral, but does start with acetyl CoA and does build up by the addition of two carbons units. The synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm in contrast to the degradation (oxidation) which occurs in the mitochondria. Many of the enzymes for the fatty acid synthesis are organized into a multienzyme complex called fatty acid synthetase. The major points in the overall lipogenesis reactions are: Starvation and Diabetes Synthesis of Ketone Bodies: When the body is deprived of food whether by voluntary or involuntary fasting, starvation is the net result. During starvation, glycogen reserves are rapidly depleted and the body begins to metabolize reserves of fat and protein. The entry of acetyl CoA into the citric acid cycle depends on the availability of oxaloacetic acid for the formation of citric acid. In starvation or uncontrolled diabetes situations, oxaloacetic acid is used to synthesize glucose and is then not available for use with acetyl CoA. Under these conditions, acetyl CoA is diverted from the citric acid cycle to the formation of acetoacetic and 3-hydroxybutanoic acids. In three steps, two acetyl CoA react to make acetoacetic acid. The acetoacetic acid may be changed into either acetone or 3-hydroxybutanoic acid. All three compounds are collectively known as ketone bodies even though one is not a ketone. The odor of acetone may be detected on the breath of a person with excess ketone bodies in the blood. The overall accumulation of ketone bodies in blood and urine is known as ketosis. The acids also upset buffers in the blood to cause acidosis. Both acetoacetic acid and 3-hydroxybutanoic acid can be used by the heart, kidneys, and brain for metabolism to produce energy. The heart and kidneys actually prefer these to glucose. In contrast, the brain prefers glucose, but will adapt if necessary in starvation or diabetic conditions. Link to: Ketone Bodies (move cursor over arrows)

Historical Events that Changed the World Essay -- World War 2 II Two

Historical Events that Changed the World Between World War I and World War II America went through events in the political, economical and social areas that would change the face of the nation forever. The various eras- World War I, the Roaring Twenties, The Great Depression & the New Deal, and World War II each had separate issues that caused changes in relation to class, gender, domestic and international affairs. Although many of these events were only effective temporarily, others still show a strong influence today. Movements such as woman suffrage, events such as dropping the atomic bomb, and social eras such as The Harlem Renaissance still play an important role in the lives of Americans today. World War I laid the foundations for the political and economical crisis that was soon to follow. Even before the end of the war, Allies claimed reparations from Germany, whose economy was destroyed. Wilson, after meeting with the Big Four, slowly began to accept the idea of reparations. Once implemented, the American banks were now beginning to profit greatly from loaning to both Germany and the Allies- Germany who had to pay their reparations and fix the infrastructure of the country, France whose infrastructure was destroyed and Great Britain, who had to pay back America for all the ammo and weapons they had bought. Germany entered a never-ending debt cycle- repaying the allies by taking out loans, then repaying the loans by taking out even more loans. Germany’s devastated economy as a new democratic nation that was used to monarchy led to poor democratic governments that always failed. These issues eventually caused the Nazi party to become dominant- and Hitler became lead er. The Bolshevik revolution in the 1917 started hatred towards the Communists in America (Eventually leading to the Cold War). The Red Scare that followed the war was a good example of the psychotic mind of the average American. The fear of being overthrown by communists was everywhere. Anyone who publicly opposed the war was immediately thrown into jail. â€Å"Subversive† books were removed from the shelves; feminists were attacked because of their opposition of American intervention in Europe. It was a time of chaos. Once Wilson was out of office, and Harding elected, however, things started to change- The 19th Amendment that was ratified in 1920 marked the end of 100 years o... ... morning of August 6th, 1945, Hiroshima was bombed, over 80,000 casualties, and Nagasaki was bombed 3 days later, with over 100,000 casualties. September 2nd, 1945 was the surrender date of the Japanese. Fourteen million troops and over 35 million civilians had perished in this devastating war. The era between World War I and World War II changed the face of America greatly. From the traditional world of religion, hands-off capitalism, modesty, white-male supremacy, emerged a new world- where evolution was taught, radio and movies became the main source of entertainment, where blacks were treated more as equals and less as scum, where women received voting rights and labor benefits, where California became the economic powerhouse. The era has set the economic and social values of which we live by today, as well as many political issues that have recently ended (Cold War) or issues that are still going on today-for example the Mexican illegal immigrant work force. All in all, I believe that the individual triumphs, or collapses, in the class, gender, domestic and international affairs of those times have changed the face of America and set the basis for our everyday lifestyle.

Faulty Organizational Behavior in Tyco International Ltd

Most employees travel to and from the workplace each day with the ultimate goal to successfully perform their assigned job according to company standards. These company standards may include agendas, mission statements, professional conduct guidelines and even a code of ethics. How employees choose to follow company standards may govern their overall progress or success. While some may deviate from standards and fail, others may find themselves slipping through cracks unnoticed. Either way, the rules were broken. This paper will examine the failure suffered by Tyco International Ltd where leadership, management, and organizational structures were compromised. Let us start with the aftermath. According to MSNBC (2005), â€Å"Kozlowski and Swartz were accused of giving themselves more than $150 million in illegal bonuses and forgiving loans to themselves, besides manipulating the company’s stock price† (Corporate Scandals, para 14). Clearly, a scandal had hit Tyco International Ltd. Not only did former top executives slip themselves extra money, but they also toyed around with the stock prices. These actions had made the powerful men very wealthy. They also affected the lives of other individuals. During the trial, Kozlowski and Swartz pointed out that unlike WorldCom and Enron, Tyco continued to thrive as a company after the scandal (MSNBC, 2005). While this may have been a valid point, we cannot dismiss the fact that stealing, fraud, and self-indulgence had been present in the company. Now we will examine how the management, leadership, and organizational structure of Tyco International Ltd contributed to this failure. Robbins and Judge (2007) explain how managers coordinate social units of an organization in order to achieve common goals. Management performs several functions in a company that may include: planning, organizing, leading, and controlling (Robbins & Judge, 2007). As mentioned above, these functions are performed within social units to achieve common goals set by the company. Should deviation occur, it becomes the manager’s responsibility to get the employees back on track. The management at Tyco International Ltd strayed off course. Instead of performing tasks for the greater good of all members of the company, top xecutives allowed self-interest to govern decision-making. While managerial functions may have remained in place, the goals of these functions became malicious. Top executives began to plan, organize, lead and control in a fashion that was not in the best interest of all company members. An important managerial function is leading. â€Å"When managers motivate employees, direct the activities of others, select the most effective communication channels, or resolve conflicts among members, they’re engaging in leading† (Robbins & Judge, 2007, p. ). Tyco experienced a lack of honest leadership. While some of the normal leadership was maintained to ensure the overall success of the company, there were areas that were intentionally pointed in the wrong direction. The corrupt executives started to make decisions that resulted in large sums of money directed their way. Stock price adjustment and illegal bonuses represented leadership that was no longer in the best interest of the company. These leaders chose to use power in a self-gratifying way. As a result, Kozlowski and Swartz entered a case that â€Å"exposed the executive’s extravagant lifestyle after they pilfered some $600 million from the company including a $2 million toga party for Kozlowski’s wife on a Mediterranean island and an $18 million Manhattan apartment with a $6,000 shower curtain† (MSNBC, 2005). These men were making decisions that did not reflect the company’s overall goal for success. The unlawful actions represented the misuse of leadership. Tyco International Ltd experienced a disruption in organizational behavior as a result of this scandal. Organizational behavior is concerned with actions of people and how these specific actions and behaviors affect the overall performance of the company (Robbins & Judge, 2007). Kozlowski and Swartz exhibited corrupt behavior and illegal actions for their benefit. Their actions caused a scandal that changed the way that the public and company members viewed Tyco International Ltd. Unethical practices led to fraud, stealing, and eventually perjury (MSNBC, 2005). Overall, these men undermined the values and standards of the company. They were prosecuted and Tyco International Ltd was able to move forward. Today, Tyco International Ltd has an ethical standard in place. According to Verschoor (2006), â€Å"Against a dismal backdrop of corrupted ethics and failed governance, Ed Breen, Tyco chairman and CEO, began the process of ethical reform when he joined the company in the middle of 2002† (p. 15). Tyco now has four core values that include: integrity, excellence, teamwork, and accountability. These values are listed and explained in the 40-page booklet titled The Tyco Guide to Ethical Conduct: Doing the Right Thing (Verschoor, 2006). Employees are urged to report any unethical actions and must remain compliant with all standards. Unlike other businesses faced with scandal, Tyco survived. Managers realized the need for installing strict rules and standards that would require enforcement. As a result, the organizational behavior of Tyco became more stable. New standards make it more difficult for unethical behavior to slip by and cause scandal. Tyco International Ltd turned a negative situation into a learning experience. References MSNBC.  (2005).  Ex-Tyco executives get up to 25 years in prison.  Retrieved from http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/9399803/ns/business-corporate_scandals Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2007). Organizational Behavior (12th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Verschoor, C. C. (2006,  April). Tyco: An Ethical Metamorphosis. Strategic Finance, 87(10), 15-16.

The Most Dangerous Game By Richard Connell - 1202 Words

When choosing a book to read, one might pick a certain work of fiction over the other for different reasons. Depending on whether a reader would want to read a book in order to escape from the harsh realities of life or have a clearer mindset about the world around them, they would choose a piece of work that is either commercial fiction or literary fiction. The reader might choose a story that fits into the commercial fiction category such as â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game† by Richard Connell if they would want to relax and enjoy a novel for their own amusement. However if the reader would like to grasp a better understanding of the world, then they might choose something more involved in the literary fiction category, like â€Å"Hunters in the Snow† by Tobias Wolff. Literary works are not necessarily only one type of fiction but instead are viewed as part of a spectrum. On one side there would be those stories who are strictly commercial fiction, while those on the oth er side are literary fiction. There are at least three different ways readers can tell if a piece is literary fiction, and that is if the story takes place in a realistic place with more relatable characters, if the story shows more human characteristics than the action of the plot, and if the story has an ending such that is not completely resolved. To begin, Hunters in the Snow is deemed as more of a type of literary fiction because it takes place in a more realistic setting. The setting in this story is a snowyShow MoreRelatedThe Most Dangerous Game By Richard Connell1398 Words   |  6 Pages Richard Connell s short work of fiction â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game† blurs the line between humans and animals and explores some of the causes of fear, especially the primal fear of being hunted. Appropriately, it is a suspense-driven work and relies heavily on the use of certain techniques to make sure the reader feels, or at least understands, the terror that the protagonist San ger Rainsford feels. In the narrative, two techniques are combined to create suspense: careful use of foreshadowing createsRead MoreThe Most Dangerous Game By Richard Connell908 Words   |  4 Pagesscreenplay for a movie called High Noon; a classic tale of when the hunter becomes the hunted. Then in 1924, Richard Connell wrote another classic, called The Most Dangerous Game. Although both stories demonstrate similar examples of the setting and conflict, the main characters react very differently to the unusual situations they find themselves stuck in. High Noon and The Most Dangerous Game share many similarities throughout the text. For example the setting. Both stories do a great job of displayingRead MoreThe Most Dangerous Game By Richard Connell1003 Words   |  5 Pagesuneventful; many people need suspense and drama to feel motivated and engaged in things; this is the same for books. In the book, â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game†, by Richard Connell, the author used various literature methods to create suspense; the techniques he includes are used differently depending on which part of the plot they are used in.  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the story, Richard Connell uses imagery words to create a setting for the story. In turn, the setting gives readers an idea in regards to what is to happen laterRead MoreThe Most Dangerous Game by Richard Connell692 Words   |  3 Pagespsychotic man. This psychopath is a fellow hunter, but desires to poach even greater and smarter game with extremely high intelligence, and is the smartest animal of all -- humans. Throughout the story, the author creates a suspenseful mood through several conflicts the main character encounters, while struggling to survive the â€Å"most dangerous game.† In Richard Connell’s short adventure story, â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game,† Rainsford, a hunter, travels to South America on a hunting expedition, when he carelesslyRead MoreThe Most Dangerous Game By Richard Connell1008 Words   |  5 PagesWhenever you hear the word evil or immoral, what pops up into your head? The character General Zaroff from a story called â€Å"The M ost Dangerous Game† written by Richard Connell pops up into my head. General Zaroff is a man who lives on an island called Ship-Trap Island. Zaroff proves his immorally so many ways in the story. He lures sailors onto this island by using a bright light to trap them into a fake cannel, kidnaps the sailors, and then hunts them. Zaroff is an evil person who kills humansRead MoreThe Most Dangerous Game By Richard Connell828 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Most Dangerous Game,† written by Richard Connell in 1924, was made into a movie in 1932. While transitioning the story to a movie, changes were made to the plot. The three changes from the short story to the film version of â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game† include the setup, the characters, and the game. These changes were made to make it possible to be filmed and to amuse the audiences. In the story, it starts off with Rainsford on a yacht with his friend Whitney. They are headed to Ship-Trap IslandRead MoreThe Most Dangerous Game By Richard Connell1318 Words   |  6 Pagesmethod Richard Connell uses to create suspense in â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game† is slowing down the exposition with the purpose of dragging it out and creating a pace that keeps the reader waiting in a prolonged state of suspense. For example, on page 9, Rainsford stumbles upon the chateau after washing up on Ship-Trap island where he is greeted by its owner, saying â€Å"‘It is a very great pleasure to welcome Mr. Sanger Rainsford, the celebrated hunter, to my home...I am General Zaroff.’† Connell is usingRead MoreThe Most Dangerous Game By Richard Connell857 Words   |  4 Pages Richard Connell, the author of â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game,† used the setting in different functions through perseverance in his short story. One of the most critical elements of plot used in this story was suspense. In â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game,† the setting was used to create this, especially through water and foreshadowing. At the very beginning of the story, Whitney, Rainsford’s hunting partner, tells him that the nearby island was called â€Å"Ship-Trap Island.† This foreshadowing leads to a moreRead MoreThe Most Dangerous Game By Richard Connell852 Words   |  4 PagesRichard Connell’s 1924 short story titled â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game† is widely considered a masterfully dark work of short fiction, one that pulls the reader into surreal and chilling circumstances. Through his narrative, Connell provokes both intellect and emotion as he asks questions at the very core of human existence, questions concerning morality and ethics as understood by the modern individual. What is the value of human life? Does power justify action? With his macabre tone, Connell takesRead Mor eThe Most Dangerous Game By Richard Connell1360 Words   |  6 PagesYen Nguyen Mr. Crockwell English Acc 1p: Period 1 24 September 2017 The Most Dangerous Essay Underestimation and cruel actions lead to many things. In â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game,† author Richard Connell reveals a conflict between the main characters, General Zaroff and Rainsford. Rainsford was to play the most dangerous game created by Zaroff, because the only way to survive, is to win it, otherwise death is the only other option. As demonstrated through the use of personification, symbolism, and